Monday, March 18, 2019

On the Road in Italy (part 4)




Our last morning in Florence was spent at the same little sidewalk café where we had spent every morning in Florence, starting the day with a pastry and the finest cappuccino. It was just around the corner from our hotel. Across the way reared the Santa Maria Maggiore church, the oldest in the city. It was early and the streets were quiet, lending to a peaceful atmosphere to spread the road map out on the table and plan our day. We were at that wistful point of the trip where all that remained was the final leg of the journey. For two weeks we had been in Italy, and only four days remained before we flew home. It had been mostly go-go-go. But now we would be slowing it down. Heading for the Tuscan hills, we were. Chianti... Wine... Medieval villages... And to celebrate Terry’s birthday.  
~~~~~~~



Lost in the Tuscan Hills

“This can’t be right,” emitted Terry, both hands gripping the wheel as she maneuvered around another deep rut.

I had to agree with her. The skinny dirt road that we were driving up was getting steeper and more rugged by the minute. But still… I was pretty sure we hadn’t made a wrong turn—until the underside of our Audi scraped over a big rock. 

The drive south from Florence had been incredibly picturesque, the highway wandering through rolling hills of vineyards and olive groves, past wineries and farm houses and the occasional village. After twenty miles, at the town of Greve in Chianti, we turned onto a country lane that snaked up into wooded hills, gaining a thousand feet of elevation and passing a few more vineyards along the way. We had come close to five miles up this road when I spotted the tiny sign that I’d been looking for: Lionforti da Vico. Lionforti would be our lodging for the next three nights, while Vico was the old Tuscan settlement where it was located. Terry turned onto the dirt road at the sign, and we followed it up the hill and into the woods for a mile or more. Then the road got steep and gnarly. And then we scraped bottom. Yes, this couldn’t be right. Could it?

At the top of the grade was a lone farm house. Terry braked to a stop and I got out to see if anyone was home. A woman came out of the house as I approached the front door.

“Sto cercando Lionforti,” I explained.

The woman nodded, and then quickly rattled off directions in Italian that I interpreted roughly to mean that we had missed a fork in the road about a kilometer back. She pointed to the forested mountainside about a mile away, where we'd find what we were looking for—or at least that’s what I think she indicated.

Indeed, following the other dirt road, we came upon the settlement of Vico, which consisted of four or five 14th-century stone houses and a tiny chapel that looked even older. If Michelangelo himself would’ve come riding by on a mule, he wouldn’t have looked out of place.

The Lionforti was the first house we came to, and the innkeeper/owners, Salvatore and Silvia, graciously got us settled into our room. The back yard overlooked the valley and had a swimming pool. After the hustle and bustle of Florence, the quiet solitude of the mountainside was welcoming. Sunrises and sunsets were both resplendent. One evening, we sat on the back patio and listened to crickets, sharing a bottle of wine and munching on bread and cheese. That was dinner. The pace of life was slowing down. What else does one need? When in Tuscany…

The road to Vico.

Lionforti da Vico

Hanging out in the back yard.  

Tuscan serenity


Greve in Chianti

The nearest town to our lodging at Lionforti was Greve-in-Chianti, twenty minutes down the hill. It’s a quaint little town, smack dab in the middle of the Chianti wine region where they’ve been making vino for at least seven hundred years. The countryside looks like our Napa or Sonoma (in fact, Greve’s official sister city is Sonoma). In addition to wine, high-quality meats, including wild game, are a specialty of Greve. The family-run Macelleria Falorni is the oldest butcher shop in Italy (over 200 years!) and it's still doing good business in the old town square. And then there’s the incredible cycling going on all over Chianti. A bicycle, a little wine and salami, and you’re good to go. Cin-cin!

During the day, it’s a placid town. But things liven up in the evening when the tourists and cyclists descend on the restaurants for grub. For Terry’s birthday, we dined at the swish Fuoripiazza, which means “out on the square.” Which is where we were seated: outside on the plaza square under a sunset sky. Our waiter even surprised her with an ornate dessert with a candle on top. (Honest honey, I have no idea how they knew.)

Chianti

Greve in Chianti

Wild boar in front of the Macelleria Falorni, the oldest butcher shop in Italy.

     


The Towers of San Gimignano

The medieval town of San Gimignano was on our list to see, though getting there from our hillside redoubt above Greve was somewhat circuitous. This is because the furrowed Tuscan valleys mostly trend north to south, and roads going east-west thus cut against the grain—and San Gimignano was three valleys east of us. First, we took the road down to Greve and crossed the river, then climbed over a ridge and descended to the Pesa River, and then up and over a pass to the Elsa River. But the scenery was gorgeous, so what's the rush?

Rounding a bend in the road, we recognized San Gimignano at first sight, standing apart on a high hill, its stone towers piercing the sky. People have been living on this hill for over two thousand years, going way back to the Etruscans. Feudal walls encircle the old village where castle towers abound. By the 14th century, there were seventy-two towers gracing the skyline, but only fourteen remain today. The town is also one of the way stations for the Via Francigena, which is part of the old pilgrimage route that runs from Canterbury, England to Rome. Used extensively by Christian pilgrims in the Middle Ages, it has become popular with trekkers today.

We spent a few hours wandering the streets and passageways of San Gimignano, soaking up its Romanesque and Gothic charm. We had lunch and Aperol spritzes at a café on the main plaza, relaxing in the shade of an old tower. Then, more exploring. At the south end of town is the Museum of Torture—aptly, downstairs in a dungeon—and out of morbid curiosity, we dropped in. It was very authentic and unsettling. We didn’t stay long. But hey, the gelato shop in the plaza was awesome.

San Gimignano

The furthest tower in the back is Torre Rognosa. Erected in 1200, it is the oldest tower still standing. It’s 167 feet tall, the second highest in town.      

Piazza Della Cisterna: the town's plaza center, where the public well and cistern in the middle dates back to the 13th century.  

Gothic arches  

Inside the 12th-century Basilica of San Gimignano.
The church looks quite ordinary on the outside, but
the interior is rich with early Gothic architecture
and frescoes.

Virgin Mary Shrine in the Basilica of San Gimignano.

A medieval suit of armor stands guard at the entrance to the Museum of Torture. 


Amerigo's House

It was our last day in Chianti, and the plan was to check out the wine museum in Greve. We wanted to see first hand how they made Chianti the old-fashioned way—or at least that’s what the brochure promised. The thought of squishing grapes with my bare feet sounded primitive and enticing, and we were down at the museum at ten o’clock sharp for the tour, ready for some squishing, as were a few other people. The front doors were locked, so we loitered outside. Twenty minutes passed. Nothing. Finally, one of the other couples waiting for the tour ducked into the adjacent smoke shop and asked if they knew anything. The shopkeeper made a phone call. Turned out, the wine-making tour and demonstration had been canceled!

Now what? Ter and I trudged up a steep side road to the edge of town and sat in the heaven-sent shade of an oak tree. It was already getting hot—too late for a bike ride—and my enthusiasm was flagging. I reclined in the dry grass and closed my eyes while Terry searched for a Plan B on her phone.

“There’s a small village up the hill from here,” she said. “We could check it out.”

Hm.

“There’s an old church there… A restaurant... It’s not too far, we could walk it.”

Hm.

“Hey, listen to this: The house of Amerigo Vespucci is there.”

Huh? What?

Okay, now she had my attention. Without further ado, we plodded up the country lane for about a mile, past timeworn olive groves, to the top of the hill where the walled hamlet of Montefioralle crowned the summit. The initial church and castle houses were built in the 11th century, long before Greve existed. Most of the surrounding land at the time was divided among four prominent families—one of them being the Vespucci family. They were a well-to-do clan; part of the “in crowd” of cosmopolitan Florence. Many contend that Amerigo was born in Montefioralle, though historical accounts show that he was later raised and schooled in Florence. In 1492, he was commissioned by a Medici merchant company to go to Spain and look after their business interests. That was right when Christopher Columbus was discovering a bunch of islands and half-naked people on the other side of the pond. This would pique Amerigo’s interest in exploration and cartography, and in a few years, he too was venturing overseas, becoming the first to use the term “New World” in documents, and claim that a fourth continent existed west of Europe and Africa, and it wasn’t a part of Asia. Master cartographer, Martin Waldseemüller, agreed with him. His updated 1507 map of the world would show this yet-indistinct, murky continent, and he would label it “America” after Vespucci. The rest is history. 

You can’t beat the view from a hilltop medieval castle village, and Montefioralle is a prime example. We lost ourselves in the solitude of cobbled streets that were not much wider than an ox cart. The village is small. Quiet. There are no hotels. No gift shops. If you get hungry, there are three quaint restaurants to choose from. Indeed, the longer we lingered, the more we liked the place. In due course, we did locate the Vespucci ancestral country home where Amerigo was supposedly born. Above the doorway, a stone plaque in the wall is engraved with the family coat of arms: a shield with a banner of wasps (the Vespucci surname is derived from “vespa,” which is wasp in Italian and Latin). Should I knock? Nobody seemed to be home. The address is 21 Castle Way. If you ever get to Montefioralle, rap on the door. If anyone answers… Ask ‘em if Amerigo is home. 

A view of Greve from outside the walls of Montefioralle.

The streets of Montefioralle.

Hitch your horse here. And pick up your horse poop.

Lost. In a good way.  

Lunch with a view.

Amerigo Vespucci

The Vespucci residence.

The Vespucci  house cat?


Ritorno a Venezia

“How sweet the moonlight sleeps upon this bank! 
Here will we sit and let the sounds of music creep in our ears.”   
         —William Shakespeare, The Merchant of Venice.

Inevitably, all good journeys come to an end. We packed and departed Greve in Chianti after breakfast, heading north with Tuscany in the rearview mirror. Three hours later we were dropping the car off at Marco Polo Airport, and then catching the water bus out to Venice—where it had all started. It was our last night in Italy. We sprung for a suite on the Grand Canal.

After spending three days in Venice on the front end of the trip, it didn’t take long to get our bearings again. We wandered the San Marco borough; browsed through the shops one last time; found a romantic, out-of-the-way restaurant for dinner. Then we joined the throng in Saint Mark’s Square at sundown, pigeons wheeling overhead as the voice of a woman singing opera drifted across the plaza and the day succumbed to the night.

La fine.


The view from our hotel.

   

Drinks in Saint Mark's Square. Cin-cin!

A little opera for ambiance.

Sundown in Saint Mark's Square.
  
~~~~~~~~~~~~~



Trip Summary...



THE JOURNEY 
We logged 890 miles on the Audi. Though we didn’t need a car in Venice (no streets!), and it was parked the whole time we were in Florence, it was definitely handy everywhere else along the way. Terry loved the car. It had cup holders. 


THE ETHOS      
The Italians call it “La Vita Bella”—the beautiful life. And they don’t mean a “luxurious life”, but rather a relaxed, family-centric lifestyle that puts quality over quantity. There is no such thing as Italian fast food: their culture transcends “quick and cheap.” Meals are eaten unhurried. At restaurants, food servers won’t bring your bill until you signal for it—dropping it off before you ask is considered rude. Italians love their vino and can be the zest of the party—but over-drinking in public is considered boorish. And they don't rush around clutching a to-go cup of coffee: they relax and sip their espresso at a coffee bar or bistro table. There is much more emphasis on how time is spent rather than being on time. Family is everything and extended-family dinners on Sundays are common.

THE FOOD   
Italian cuisine is the bomb. That is all. 

Yes, I know what you’re thinking: What about all that fancy French food? Well, it came from Italy. Remember Catherine de’ Medici, the girl from Florence who married the French prince and later became Queen of France? She was appalled with the mundane food of French royalty and their habit of eating with their fingers, so she brought her own chefs to Paris—including Ruggeri and his top-secret ice cream—and transformed their abysmal diet into what we know as French cuisine today. Also, she introduced them to the dinner fork. No more fingers. But back to Italy: If I had to pick some meals from the trip that stood out above the rest, they would be the beet ravioli at the Lagazuoi Rifugio; the lasagna in Cortina d’Ampezzo; and the roasted wild boar in Canazei. They were incredible. Oh, and pizzas were popular everywhere and they were all good.      

THE TOAST       
One night, a waiter poured our wine and said “Cin-cin!” when he was done. It sounded like he had said “ching-ching”, like the sound of two glasses clinking together in a toast. Later I discovered that it means “To your health,” similar to “salute” or “cheers” or “tally-ho” or whatever. Cin-cin. I like the ring of it.  

BREWS & LIBATIONS
Beer-drinking seemed to be more prevalent in the mountain towns, though we didn’t sample many. Pale lagers such as Peroni are popular. My favorite was a Moretti La Rossa (red ale?). Down in the warmer climes of Venice and Tuscany, there were a couple of summer drinks that are uber-popular with both locals and tourists. One is the neon-orange Aperol spritz, made from Aperol (a citrus/rhubarb liqueur), Prosecco (an Italian white wine), and soda water. The other is the Negroni, made with sweet vermouth rose, gin, and Campari (a liqueur of fruits, herbs and spices). If these drinks aren’t your thing, there is always plenty of Chianti wine. As I said earlier, the Italians love their vino—and they drink more of it per-capita than the French.  

Cin-cin! 



Navigation to...

PART ONE      PART TWO      PART THREE






Tuesday, March 12, 2019

On the Road in Italy (part 3)




After a week in the Dolomites, where the nights were chilly and the days ranged from sunny-but-cool to rain, going back to full summer climes was an adjustment. This was readily apparent when we descended out of the mountains onto the flatlands near Verona and stopped for lunch in an autostrada rest area. Finding a picnic table in the shade was slim pickings.   

We were now a smidgen past halfway through the trip. Our Italian was becoming more adept (barely). We had the automated tollbooths wired (barely). Terry was fully smitten with the Audi and was doing all the driving. I was full-time navigator—which means I also controlled the music (hypothetically). I had it all dialed in, a killer soundtrack with driving directions. “Vai dritto a Firenze!!” We got this.  
~~~~~~~



It's all about the Car

Ernest Hemingway once said, “There are only three sports: bullfighting, motor racing, and mountaineering; all the rest are merely games.” He could be right. As a young teen, before I could drive, my pal, Randy, and I bought a used racing go-kart with our paper route money. We were obsessed with auto racing; followed it closely; went to see the movie Grand Prix at the theater three times. We’d get Randy’s older sister to drive us to the race track, and we’d zip around the course in our screaming kart and pretend we were Dan Gurney or Mario Andretti… Until Randy crashed it. He escaped serious injury, but the kart was a near-complete loss. Our parents flipped out: they had thought we were buying a putt-putt kiddie kart, not a mini-rocket on wheels.

“No more racing,” my mom said firmly. “It’s too dangerous.”

So, I took up mountaineering.   

Ter and I were southbound on Autostrada 22 when I pitched the idea of a side trip; something that would break up the all-day drive. The Ferrari factory was coming up soon, not far off the highway. And it had a cool museum. I mean, how could you possibly go to Italy and drive RIGHT BY THE FERRARI FACTORY and not stop? Right? I had to really sell it, because my wife is completely indifferent and practical when it comes to cars. If I gave her a choice between a Ferrari F12 Berlinetta or a Mazda 3 hatchback for her birthday… She’d pick the Mazda. Because it has cup holders. And besides, what do you need 730 horsepower for anyway?

Much to my surprise, she said: “Sure, let's go see it.”

That’s true love.

We turned off the A22 in Modena and drove through industrial parks and vast sunflower fields to the small town of Maranello. The area is renowned for its balsamic vinegar, and the opera maestro, Luciano Pavarotti, grew up not far from here. But Maranello itself is mostly known as the headquarters of Enzo Ferrari’s automotive legacy. The Museo Ferrari resides in a sleek, glass and steel building, just around the corner from the production car factory and racing complex (including their own private race track!). Inside you’ll find a cornucopia of sports cars; race cars; touring cars; old classics... even Enzo’s first office desk. It’s all here; enhanced with photographs and history. Even my wife, the automobile pragmatist, came away impressed. Though I’m confident she still prefers her Mazda 3 hatchback. It has cup holders.

Yeah, baby!

Enzo was eleven years old when he watched his first race, and he decided right then to be a race car driver when he grew up. At the age of twenty-two, he was was hired on to the Alfa Romeo factory racing team and competed under their banner throughout the 1920s (photo). Alfa Romeo would then promote him to team manager and task him with building the race cars as well. In this he excelled admirably, and after several winning seasons, he decided to go into business for himself—until World War II intervened and the Allies bombed his Maranello factory. Undaunted, Enzo rebuilt after the war and entered his first race under the Ferrari banner in 1947. He competed in thirteen races that year and won six of them. The beginning of a legend.  

1954 250 GT...   Enzo’s original mission was simply to
build race cars and win races. Period. But running a
first-class racing team is expensive. Hence, starting
in the early '50s, he began to build and sell luxury,
high-performance sports cars to help “finance” the
racing team. It was a huge success.

F12 Berlinetta...   Limited production from 2012 thru 2017. Puts out 730 horsepower. The ultimate "date car." Over my price range. (way over) 

The V12 power plant.

588 GT that competed in 24 Hours of LeMans in 2017. Over the years, Ferrari has won 14 Sports Car World Championships, including 8 victories of the 24 Hours of LeMans.  

Formula One victory circle, each car here a winner 
of a World Championship. In 68 years of F1 racing, 
Ferrari has garnered 16 Driver's Championships, 
15 Manufacturer’s Championships, and won a total 
of 216 Grand Prix races. 

Enzo with F1 driver Gilles Villeneuve - 1979

F1 "Aero" that John Surtees drove to win the 1964 Driver's Championship. Sleek and simple, but state-of-the-art for its day. Today’s F1 high-tech wonder cars are incredibly quick and complex, costing up to $15 million apiece.  


Firenze

The Medieval streets of bustling old-town Florence are no wider than an alley and navigating them in a car is taxing, especially when you’re preoccupied with searching for your hotel, half lost, dodging motor scooters and pedestrians. As in Venice, mapping directions via iPhone is next to useless in the slot-canyon streets. And when we at last found the unpretentious Hotel Balcony—a simple blue sign over a glass door—we had fifteen minutes to unload before an attendant whisked our car away to God knows where for the next three days. That said, checking into the hotel was a breeze. 

Julius Caesar founded a military garrison here on the Arno River in 59 BC and called the settlement Florentia. In time, the garrison would become a village, and the village became a town, and the town became a vibrant city-state. By the 14th century, the Republic of Florence was printing its own gold coins, called florins, and the Medici Bank was the most prosperous and respected bank in Europe. Medici: you’ll be hearing that name frequently here. That’s because the Medici family pretty much greased the wheels for the Italian Renaissance—and Florence would be its epicenter.

The Ponte Vecchio—which means “Old Bridge”—spans
the Arno River at the site of the ancient Roman
garrison. The current bridge was built in 1345. The
buildings on the bridge house goldsmith and jeweler
shops, which has been the edict since the 16th century.

A selfie from the Ponte Vecchio.

FLORENCE FACTOIDS
~  The city prospered in the Middle Ages as a hub for wool and textile production.
~  By the mid-14th century, all the streets were paved, the first European city to accomplish this.
~  Florentine merchant bankers, such as the Medici Bank, became the lenders of Europe, introducing innovations such as “bill of exchange” and “double-entry bookkeeping.”
~  The old Florentine/Tuscan dialect is the source of the contemporary Italian language that would spread across Italy during the Renaissance.
~  The famous wooden boy, Pinocchio, came from Florence, as did Carlo Lorenzini, author of the 1881 novel “The Adventures of Pinocchio.”
~  During the WW2 occupation, Nazis stripped the city of much of its artwork and spirited them away to Germany and Austria. The 2014 film, "Monuments Men", tells the story of the Allied effort towards the end of the war to recover most of these treasures.
~  Today, UNESCO reports that nearly a third of the world’s art treasures reside in Florence.     



Equestrian monument of Cosimo I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1537 until his death in 1574. The House of Medici dominated Florentine politics for most of three centuries. They were early patrons of the arts and humanist revival that sparked the Renaissance; bankrolled the invention of the piano and the first opera; supported scientific innovation; funded the construction of the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore... Most things from that era in Florence have Medici fingerprints somewhere on it.

“Perseus with Head of Medusa” by Benvenuto Cellini, 1554. Cosimo I de' Medici commissioned the bronze sculpture, as well as many of the other works on display in the Piazza della Signoria. 

Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore on a warm summer night. Magical.


Ice Cream Espionage

Okay, here’s the scoop. I like ice cream. And by now, we had bellied up to gelato parlors everywhere we went: Venice; Cortina; Canazei… In Venice, there was an ice cream shop on every block. But here in Florence, there’s TWO on every block! What gives? Some scholars (ice-creamologists?) contend that the precursor to ice cream dates back thousands of years to China, and that the recipe was brought to Europe in the Marco Polo days. Maybe. But the first documentation of people making ice cream was in 16th-century Florence—which must’ve been difficult, because there were no electric freezers back then. Clearly it was top secret: If you could make ice cream, you could rule the world. I get it.

Enter Ruggeri, a Florentine butcher and part-time chef who participated in a food contest sponsored by the Medici family. The challenge was simple: Prepare an unconventional dish that had never been tasted before in Florence. The Medici frequently entertained, so they were always looking for something new to amaze their influential guests. Ruggeri prepared a creamy, iced concoction with a fruity taste. He won the contest and was brought onto the Medici court so that he wouldn’t share his yummy dessert with anyone else.

Catherine de’ Medici, Queen of France and gelato junkie.

Enter Catherine de’ Medici. She was a child when she sampled Ruggeri’s top-secret dessert for the first time, and she was hooked (I can relate to Catherine). In fact, when she married the Duke of Orleans in 1533 and moved to France, she took Ruggeri with her. In this way, ice cream remained the secret dessert for French royalty. Or so she thought.

Enter Bernardo Buontalenti, a brilliant Florentine architect, painter, sculptor… and party planner for the Medici. In 1559, Buontalenti was tasked with preparing a lavish feast and stage performance for Cosimo I de' Medici and his esteemed guests. One of the big surprises of the evening was the dessert: iced cream made from milk, honey, egg yolks, and thin slices of orange and Bergamotto lemon for a burst of flavor. It was a huge hit and the people clamored for more. Meanwhile, Catherine—who by now was Queen of France—was probably thinking: “What the…?” So much for top secrets. You can still get that original ice cream flavor in Florence today. It's called "Buontalenti". 




Masters of the Renaissance

Florentines had referred to it as “rinascimento,” which roughly means rebirth or revival. But it wouldn’t be until the 19th century before a French historian used the term “Renaissance” to define the era, and the name stuck. It was that 300-year transition when Western civilization crawled out of the Dark Ages; an awakening of intellect, art, and science. The proto-Renaissance poet and theorist, Dante, stood at the vanguard. He was a citizen of the Florentine republic. So too, Leonardo da Vinci. And Michelangelo. And Galileo... The roster is staggering. From Florence, the “rinascimento” would fan across Italy and most of Europe. As Peter Gabriel once said: "You can blow out a candle, but you can't blow out a fire."

But enough of the syrupy history lesson. You get the drift. Each morning, Terry and I would lace up our walking shoes and hoof it all over the old city, visiting museums; cathedrals; piazzas. There was art to marvel everywhere we turned. So, let’s get started…

The Uffizi Gallery. 

GALLERIA UFFIZI    
The Uffizi has the largest assemblage of Italian Renaissance art in the world, much of it collected by the House of Medici during the 16th and 17th centuries. The building, completed in 1581, served as offices for government magistrates and Medici businesses, while the top floor functioned as an art gallery and banquet hall for the Medici to entertain guests. Today it is dedicated entirely to art.

A bust of Lorenzo de’ Medici, aka “Lorenzo the Magnificent” (1449-1492) Though his father and grandfather patronized humanist philosophies and the arts, it was Lorenzo who would be the nexus. Leonardo da Vinci and Sandro Botticelli were his age, and both had lived at the Medici palazzo at the start of their careers. Later, it would be Lorenzo who gave a 15-year-old Michelangelo his first break.  

My personal Top Five in chronological order…

“Battle of San Romano” by Paolo Uccello - 1440
One of three paintings depicting different stages of the battle, all three of which once hung in the palazzo of Lorenzo the Magnificent. This painting is the only one still in Florence: the others reside in London and Paris. Uccello’s use of linear perspective and foreshortening was ground-breaking.  

“Annunciation” by Leonardo da Vinci - 1475
This was Leonardo’s first painting. He was 23 years old.
Painter; sculptor; inventor; architect; engineer; scientist…
Leonardo is the prime exemplar of "Universal Genius,"
the most brilliant and diversely talented individual to have
lived in recorded history. 

“Birth of Venus” by Sandro Botticelli - 1485
My personal favorite, and this also hung on the palazzo walls
of Lorenzo the Magnificent. Provocative for its time, it was
the first non-religious nude painting since classical antiquity.
It was also the first large work of art to be painted on
stretched canvas. Botticelli was hip, and he saw where the
market was trending. Wealthy noble families would be the
future buyers of fine art, and stretched canvas was quite portable. 

“Portrait of Pope Leo X with two Cardinals” by Raphael - 1518
An exemplary study of shadow, light, and candid detail (a style that Rembrandt would perfect 130 years later). Every picture tells a story, and this is certainly one of them. Before Leo X was pope, he was Giovanni de' Medici, son of Lorenzo the Magnificent. The two cardinals that flank him are his cousins. And cardinals cast votes to elect popes. See where this is going? Just one of Leo X’s shenanigans that would spark the Protestant Reformation. 

“Medusa” by Caravaggio - 1597
Cutting-edge art here: a 16th-century personification of Ozzy Osbourne. Caravaggio was a pioneer of the new emerging Baroque style, and he was commissioned to do this work as a gift for Ferdinando I de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany. 


ACADAMIA DI FIRENZE 
Founded in 1784, the Academy is smaller than the Uffizi, specializing in Florentine artists. It is also the home of Michelangelo’s iconic “David”. Other sculptures by Michelangelo include the four half-finished works known as “The Four Prisoners”, which are quite extraordinary in the fact that you can see the life-like figures begin to emerge from giant blocks of marble. The man was a genius with a hammer and chisel. 

“David” by Michelangelo – 1504
One of the most iconic symbols of Western civilization. It all started with a massive block of flawed marble that had been lying in the weeds of a stone yard for over forty years. Master sculptors, including Leonardo, were consulted to see if they could make something of it. But it was a 26-year-old upstart, Michelangelo, who convinced the Florentine council that he deserved the commission. It would take him over two years to complete, weighing in at six tons and a height of seventeen feet.   


MUSEO GALILEO
The heart of the museum is Galileo Galilei, father of observational astronomy, modern physics, and the scientific method. The first floor is devoted to the Medici collection of instruments that had belonged to Galileo and others, reiterating the crucial role that the House of Medici played in supporting the advancement of early science. Galileo’s first telescopes are here, as well as some of his original thermometers and experiments in acceleration and motion. The most bizarre item on display was Galileo’s right middle finger—the same middle finger, I imagine, that he used for gesturing at the Inquisition priests when they demanded he recant his belief in a heliocentric model of the solar system. The most brilliant man of his day would spend the last nine years of his life under house arrest for heresy.

Galileo Galilei  

This is the largest Ptolemaic armillary sphere still in existence (about 6 feet in diameter). Constructed in 1593, it represented the known universe according to the concepts developed by Aristotle and perfected by Ptolemy, where the earth is at the center and all heavenly bodies orbit the earth. At the time, the Catholic Church and most scientists adhered to this geocentric model, as opposed to the radical Copernican model where the sun was at the center. Galileo’s extensive observations using the newly-invented telescope would lead him to side with Copernicus and claim the Ptolemaic model was bogus. He published his proofs in a treatise called “Sidereus Nuncius” (Starry Messenger), which got him into hot water with the Pope. 

A fine collection of 17th-century telescopes. Dutchman
Hans Lippershey built the first one in 1608. Galileo
heard about it, and he was promptly making his own
the following year. 

A terrestrial globe made by Dutch cartographer, Willem Blaeu, circa 1645-48. During the Age of Discovery, maps were being updated constantly as new information was collected from the latest explorations of the New World.   


BASILICA DI SANTA CROCE 
The Church of the Holy Cross is the largest Franciscan church in the world. Construction began in 1294, though additions and renovations would continue for centuries. Its design reflects the austere approach of the Franciscans, though many of the sixteen chapels inside are decorated elaborately with frescoes by Giotto. Michelangelo is entombed here, as well as Galileo, Rossini, and Machiavelli. There are also ornate memorial plaques for Leonardo and Dante, though they are not interned here. 

Basilica di Santa Croce

Statue of Dante Alighieri outside the Church of the Holy Cross. He was the proto-Renaissance Man; father of Italian literature and author of the epic “Divine Comedy”; the first to write his works in the Tuscan/Italian dialect, marking the beginning of the end for Latin as a common language. 

  

Tomb of Michelangelo (1475-1564)

  

Tomb of Galileo (1564-1642)  Note of interest here: Galileo was born the same year that Michelangelo passed away. 


Brunelleschi's Dome

You must ascend 463 stone steps to reach the top of the tallest building in Florence. That would be the Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore, more commonly known as the Church of Florence, or Duomo di Firenze, or as the locals call it: “the Duomo.” It was a hot afternoon—so hot, pigeons were grounded—but we were up for making the climb.

“Are you afraid of heights?” our tour guide, Valentina, asked before we started.

Ummm… No.

Soon we were following her up dim, narrow passageways to the top—only we didn’t quite make it halfway before one of the four people in our group remembered that he suffered from acrophobia. From our airy vantage point on the catwalk around the base of the dome, the tiled floor of the nave was 170 feet directly below. The guy turned back, and his wife continued on up with us.

The Duomo is not the oldest church in the city, but at 500 feet long and 376 feet high, it is by far the grandest. Construction commenced in 1296 and would continue in fits and starts for 140 years. The colossal dome was the final feature to be built—and nobody had a clue how to do it. The diameter at the base would be 144 feet: larger than any prior dome, other than the one on the Pantheon in Rome, which had been erected a thousand years earlier using coffered slabs of concrete (technology lost with the fall of the Roman Empire). The task to solve this problem was awarded to Filippo Brunelleschi, a talented Florentine goldsmith who was also an architect/engineer and the father of linear perspective drawing. His innovative design began with the egg shape of the dome, but just as crucial was the interlocking herringbone pattern for laying the bricks (check out this cool Nat Geo video clip). He had many detractors who said it would never work… But it did. Today, it is still the largest non-reinforced brick dome ever built.

The panoramic view from the top was magnificent. Valentina pointed out several landmarks and shared some of the history. People have been clambering up here for almost six centuries now, casting their eye upon the terracotta-roofed city and the Tuscan hills beyond. As for Brunelleschi: his tomb lies in a crypt under the church nave, with an epitaph that reads: “Here lies the body of the great ingenious man, Filippo Brunelleschi of Florence.” I’m sure he’s still smiling today. Because his dome still stands.

The Duomo di Firenze with Brunelleschi’s dome in the background.

A marble statue commemorating Filippo Brunelleschi was added to the front of the Duomo in 1838.

Looking down into the nave from the base of the dome.

Standing in the same spot as the prior photo, but looking
up at the ceiling. It would take seven years to paint all
the frescoes here. Giorgio Vasari started the work in 1572,
and Federico Zuccaro would finish it in 1579.   

The passageway that leads to the top of the dome. The inner dome shell is on the left, and the outer shell is on the right. 

The view from the top.


To be continued...


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